Momentum Calculator

📚 How It Works

Linear Momentum

Momentum (p) is the product of an object's mass and velocity. It represents the quantity of motion:

p = m × v

Units: kg⋅m/s (SI) or slug⋅ft/s (Imperial)

Impulse

Impulse (J) is the change in momentum, equal to the force applied over time:

J = F × Δt = Δp = m × Δv

Impulse explains why airbags and padding work - they increase the time of collision, reducing the force.

Conservation of Momentum

In a closed system, total momentum is conserved during collisions:

p_before = p_after

m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = m₁v₁' + m₂v₂'

• Elastic Collision: Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved (e.g., billiard balls)
• Inelastic Collision: Momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is lost (e.g., car crashes)
• Perfectly Inelastic: Objects stick together after collision

Real-World Examples

• Airbags: Increase collision time, reducing force on passengers
• Rockets: Gain momentum by expelling gas in opposite direction
• Sports: Follow-through increases contact time, transferring more momentum
• Crumple Zones: Cars designed to crumple extend collision time